Nama : Dinara Inargea
Class : 3EB25
PLAN FOR
TOEFLS STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION QUESTIONS: NINE STEP STUDY
Multiple-choice
TOEFL Structure and Written Expression questions can be tricky even if you know
the correct answer. The following Nine-Step Plan is an approach to help you
methodically answer these multiple-choice questions.
STEP 1
Read the
question carefully for both meaning and structure, noting any errors which you
recognize immediately.
STEP 2
Think of
what the answer might be before you look at the answer choices. When you think
of the answer first and then find that answer among the choices, that answer is
very likely to be correct.
STEP 3
Read the
choices and try to select the correct answer. However, do not expect to
recognize the correct answer immediately. Remember-do not panic. Your plan as a
TOEFL test taker should always be to try to “figure out” the correct answer.
STEP 4
Even if
you think A or B is the correct answer, thoughtfully read and consider the
remaining choices so that you are absolutely certain that A or B is truly
correct.
STEP 5
Eliminate
incorrect choices. Have a system for noting the correct answer, possibly by
circling the letter in your test booklet, and for eliminating wrong answers,
possible by putting an “x” over the letter of the choice. Whatever your system,
is do not make marks on the answer sheet. Write in the test booklet only.
STEP 6
Remember
the five error areas that are explained in this review section. Carefully look
at the whole sentence and the way it is put together.
STEP 7
Remember
to assume that all punctuation, capitalization, and spelling on the test are
correct, and to ignore anything that can not be corrected by the choices
offered. Sometimes we think something is an error when it is not. Perhaps that
“something” in the question could have been written differently, but since it
is not an error that can be corrected by one of the choices, do not waste your
time.
STEP 8
selec your
answer after narrowing down your choices, pick the one you think is best.
Always try to eliminate choices before selecting an answer and marking it on
your answer sheet.
STEP 9
if you
absolutely no idea ehat correct answer may be, even after considering all the
choices, guess. There is no penalty for guessing on the TOEFL test, and you
have a 25% chance that the answer is correct. Guest quickly, and do not change
your mind unless you have a logical reason for doing so. First guesses tend to
be, at least in part, some from analysis. if, howefer, in reviewing your guess
you discover other consideration that suggesr your first guess was perhaps not
the best, then by all means change your answer.
Sentences With One Clause
1. Skill
1.
Be sure the sentence has a subject and a
verb
2. Skill
2.
Be Careful Of Object Of Prepositions
A preposition 3 is followed by a noun 4 or
pronoun 5that is called an object of
the preposition. If a word is an object of
preposition, it is not the subject
3. Skill 3
Be Careful Of Appositives
Appositives is a noun that comes before or
after another noun and is generally set of from the noun with commas. If a word
is an appositives, it is not a
subject. The following appositive structures
are both possible in English
4. Skill 4
Be Careful Of Present Participles A present participle is the -ing
form of the verb.
5. Skill 5
Be Careful of Past Participle
A past participle often ends in -ed, but
there are also many irregular past participles. For many verbs, including -ed
verbs, the simple past and the past
participle are the same and can be easily
confused. The -ed form of the verb can be the simple past 8, the past
participle of a verb 9 or an adjective 10
Sentence With Multiple Clauses
6. Skill 6
Use Coordinate Conectors Correctly
When you have two clauses in an English sentence, you must connect
the two
clauses correctly using and, but, or, so or yet. Example:
She laughed, but she wanted to cry.
7. Skill 7
Use Adverb Time And Cause
Connectors Correctly
Adverb time connectors are: after, as, as long as, as soon as,
before, by the time,
once, since, until, when, whenever, while
Adverb cause connectors are: as, because, in as much as, now that,
since
Example:
Mary went
inside because it was raining.
Because it
was raining, Mary went inside.
8. Skill 8
Use
Other Adverb Connector Correctly
Adverb
clauses can express the ideas of time and cause, clauses can also express a
number of other ideas, such as contrast, condition,
Other
adverb connectors are:
Condition:
if, in case, provided, providing, unless, whether
Contrast:
although, even though, though, while, whereas, on the other hand
Manner:
as, in that, because
Place:
where, wherever
Example:
Bob went
to school even though he felt sick.
Even
though bob felt sick, he went to school.
Note: A
comma is often used in the middle of the sentence with a contrast
connector.
The Smith
family arrived at 2:00,
while the
Jones family arrived an hour later.
More Sentence With Multiple Clauses
9. Skill
Use
Noun Clause Connectors Correctly
A noun clause is a clause that functions as a noun; because the
noun clause is
a noun, it is used in a sentence as either an object of a verb 1,
an object of a
preposition 2, or the subject of the sentence 3.
Noun clause connectors are: what, when, where, why, how, whatever,
whenever, whether, if, that
Example:
I know
what you did
What you
did was wrong
10. Skill
10
Use Noun Clause Connector/Subjects Connectors Correctly
We will see that in some cases a noun clause connector is not just
a connector;
a noun clause connector can also be the subject of the clause at
the same time.
11. Skill
11
Use Adjective Clause Correctly
An adjective clause is a clause that describes a noun. Because the
clause is an
adjective, it is positioned directly after the noun that it
describes
Adjective clause connectors are: whom, which, that.
Example:
I liked
the book which you recommended.
The book
which you recommended was interesting.
Note: The
adjective clause can be omitted. This is very comment in spoken
English or
in casual written English. It is not as common in formal English or in
structure
questions on the TOEFL test.
12. Skill 12
Use
Adjective Clause Connector/Subjects Correctly
We
will see that in some cases an adjective clause connector can also be the
subject
of the clause at the same time.
Example:
We are
looking at a car that is quite expensive.
The bottle
that is on the table contains honey.
Note:
Adjective clause connector/subject can never be omitted. 11
Sentence With Reduced Clauses
13. Skill
13
Use Reduced Adjective Clauses Correctly
To reduce an adjective clause, omit
the connector and the auxiliary verb (be) 1. If there is no auxiliary verb
(be), omit the connector and change the main verb into ing-form 2. You can only
reduce the adjective clause if the connector directly followed by verb 3. If
the adjective clause is set of with commas, the reducedclause can be moved to
the front of the sentence
14. Skill
14
Use
Reduced Adverb Clauses Correctly
To reduce an adverb clause, omit the subject and the auxuliary
verb (be) 4. If
there is no auxiliary verb (be), omit the subject and change the
main verb into.
Sentence With Inverted Subjects and Verbs
15. Skill
15
Invert The Subject And Verb With Question
Words
There is some confusion about when to
invert the subject and the verb after
question words. These words can have
two very different functions in a sentence:
1. They can introduce a question. In
this case the subject and the verb that
follow are inverted
2. They can join together two clauses.
In this case the subject and the verb
that follow are not inverted
Tenses
1. Simple
Present Tense
Untuk
menyatakan pekerjaan yang dilakukan berulang-ulang setiap saat, atau merupakan
suatu kebiasaan, disaat-saat sekarang, maka kita gunakan tenses Simple Present
Tense.
S+v1 (infinitive: v+s/es)
2. Simple
Past Tense
Untuk
menyatakan pekerjaan yang dilakukan dimasa lampau, dengan waktu yang pasti
(Yesterday, two days ago, last week, dst).
S+v2 (v+d+ed;irregular v2
3. Future
Tense
Untuk
menyatakan pekerjaan yang dilakukan dimasa yang akan datang.
S+will/shall+v(infinitif)
4. Present
Continuous Tense
Untuk
menyatakan pekerjaan yang dilakukan saat ini.
S+v+is/am/are+v-ing
5. Present
Perfect Tense
Untuk
menyatakan pekerjaan yang telah dilakukan, dimasa lalu, dengan waktu yang tidak
tertentu
S+has/has+(v3;v3 irregular
6. Present
Perfect Continuous Tense
Untuk
menyatakan pekerjaan yang dilakukan, dari lampau sampai sekarang masih
berlangsung.
S+have/has+been+v-ing
Reference : http://seminariolamb.com/
-
Summary Note for the toefl test - Adinda Praditya,desember
2 2003
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Ramelan subagyo- lets learning English 3.tenses.pdf
