STRATEGY OF STRUCTURE TOEFL

Nama                    : Dinara Inargea

N.p.m                   : 22211147

Class                      : 3EB25

PLAN FOR TOEFLS STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION QUESTIONS: NINE STEP STUDY

Multiple-choice TOEFL Structure and Written Expression questions can be tricky even if you know the correct answer. The following Nine-Step Plan is an approach to help you methodically answer these multiple-choice questions.

STEP 1

Read the question carefully for both meaning and structure, noting any errors which you recognize immediately.

STEP 2

Think of what the answer might be before you look at the answer choices. When you think of the answer first and then find that answer among the choices, that answer is very likely to be correct.

STEP 3

Read the choices and try to select the correct answer. However, do not expect to recognize the correct answer immediately. Remember-do not panic. Your plan as a TOEFL test taker should always be to try to “figure out” the correct answer.

STEP 4

Even if you think A or B is the correct answer, thoughtfully read and consider the remaining choices so that you are absolutely certain that A or B is truly correct.

STEP 5

Eliminate incorrect choices. Have a system for noting the correct answer, possibly by circling the letter in your test booklet, and for eliminating wrong answers, possible by putting an “x” over the letter of the choice. Whatever your system, is do not make marks on the answer sheet. Write in the test booklet only.

STEP 6

Remember the five error areas that are explained in this review section. Carefully look at the whole sentence and the way it is put together.

STEP 7

Remember to assume that all punctuation, capitalization, and spelling on the test are correct, and to ignore anything that can not be corrected by the choices offered. Sometimes we think something is an error when it is not. Perhaps that “something” in the question could have been written differently, but since it is not an error that can be corrected by one of the choices, do not waste your time.

STEP 8

selec your answer after narrowing down your choices, pick the one you think is best. Always try to eliminate choices before selecting an answer and marking it on your answer sheet.

STEP 9

if you absolutely no idea ehat correct answer may be, even after considering all the choices, guess. There is no penalty for guessing on the TOEFL test, and you have a 25% chance that the answer is correct. Guest quickly, and do not change your mind unless you have a logical reason for doing so. First guesses tend to be, at least in part, some from analysis. if, howefer, in reviewing your guess you discover other consideration that suggesr your first guess was perhaps not the best, then by all means change your answer.

Sentences With One Clause

1. Skill 1.

    Be sure the sentence has a subject and a verb

2. Skill 2.

    Be Careful Of Object Of Prepositions

    A preposition 3 is followed by a noun 4 or pronoun 5that is called an object of

    the preposition. If a word is an object of preposition, it is not the subject

3. Skill 3

    Be Careful Of Appositives

    Appositives is a noun that comes before or after another noun and is generally set of from the noun with commas. If a word is an appositives, it is not a

    subject. The following appositive structures are both possible in English

4. Skill 4

Be Careful Of Present Participles A present participle is the -ing form of the verb.

5. Skill 5

    Be Careful of Past Participle

    A past participle often ends in -ed, but there are also many irregular past participles. For many verbs, including -ed verbs, the simple past and the past

    participle are the same and can be easily confused. The -ed form of the verb can be the simple past 8, the past participle of a verb 9 or an adjective 10

Sentence With Multiple Clauses

6. Skill 6

Use Coordinate Conectors Correctly

When you have two clauses in an English sentence, you must connect the two

clauses correctly using and, but, or, so or yet. Example:

She laughed, but she wanted to cry.

7. Skill 7

Use Adverb Time And Cause

Connectors Correctly

Adverb time connectors are: after, as, as long as, as soon as, before, by the time,

once, since, until, when, whenever, while

Adverb cause connectors are: as, because, in as much as, now that, since

Example:

Mary went inside because it was raining.

Because it was raining, Mary went inside.

8. Skill 8

    Use Other Adverb Connector Correctly

    Adverb clauses can express the ideas of time and cause, clauses can also express a number of other ideas, such as contrast, condition,

Other adverb connectors are:

Condition: if, in case, provided, providing, unless, whether

Contrast: although, even though, though, while, whereas, on the other hand

Manner: as, in that, because

Place: where, wherever

Example:

Bob went to school even though he felt sick.

Even though bob felt sick, he went to school.

Note: A comma is often used in the middle of the sentence with a contrast

connector.

The Smith family arrived at 2:00,

while the Jones family arrived an hour later.

More Sentence With Multiple Clauses

9. Skill

    Use Noun Clause Connectors Correctly

A noun clause is a clause that functions as a noun; because the noun clause is

a noun, it is used in a sentence as either an object of a verb 1, an object of a

preposition 2, or the subject of the sentence 3.

Noun clause connectors are: what, when, where, why, how, whatever,

whenever, whether, if, that

Example:

I know what you did

What you did was wrong

10. Skill 10

Use Noun Clause Connector/Subjects Connectors Correctly

We will see that in some cases a noun clause connector is not just a connector;

a noun clause connector can also be the subject of the clause at the same time.

11. Skill 11

Use Adjective Clause Correctly

An adjective clause is a clause that describes a noun. Because the clause is an

adjective, it is positioned directly after the noun that it describes

Adjective clause connectors are: whom, which, that.

Example:

I liked the book which you recommended.

The book which you recommended was interesting.

Note: The adjective clause can be omitted. This is very comment in spoken

English or in casual written English. It is not as common in formal English or in

structure questions on the TOEFL test.

12.  Skill 12

      Use Adjective Clause Connector/Subjects Correctly

      We will see that in some cases an adjective clause connector can also be the

      subject of the clause at the same time.

Example:

We are looking at a car that is quite expensive.

The bottle that is on the table contains honey.

Note: Adjective clause connector/subject can never be omitted. 11

Sentence With Reduced Clauses

13. Skill 13

Use Reduced Adjective Clauses Correctly

To reduce an adjective clause, omit the connector and the auxiliary verb (be) 1. If there is no auxiliary verb (be), omit the connector and change the main verb into ing-form 2. You can only reduce the adjective clause if the connector directly followed by verb 3. If the adjective clause is set of with commas, the reducedclause can be moved to the front of the sentence

14. Skill 14

        Use Reduced Adverb Clauses Correctly

To reduce an adverb clause, omit the subject and the auxuliary verb (be) 4. If

there is no auxiliary verb (be), omit the subject and change the main verb into.

Sentence With Inverted Subjects and Verbs

15. Skill 15

Invert The Subject And Verb With Question Words

There is some confusion about when to invert the subject and the verb after

question words. These words can have two very different functions in a sentence:

1. They can introduce a question. In this case the subject and the verb that

follow are inverted

2. They can join together two clauses. In this case the subject and the verb

that follow are not inverted  

Tenses

1. Simple Present Tense

Untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang dilakukan berulang-ulang setiap saat, atau merupakan suatu kebiasaan, disaat-saat sekarang, maka kita gunakan tenses Simple Present Tense.

S+v1 (infinitive: v+s/es)

2. Simple Past Tense

Untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang dilakukan dimasa lampau, dengan waktu yang pasti (Yesterday, two days ago, last week, dst).

S+v2 (v+d+ed;irregular v2

3. Future Tense

Untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang dilakukan dimasa yang akan datang.

S+will/shall+v(infinitif)

4. Present Continuous Tense

Untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang dilakukan saat ini.

S+v+is/am/are+v-ing

5. Present Perfect Tense

Untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang telah dilakukan, dimasa lalu, dengan waktu yang tidak tertentu

S+has/has+(v3;v3 irregular

6. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang dilakukan, dari lampau sampai sekarang masih

berlangsung.

S+have/has+been+v-ing

Reference                           : http://seminariolamb.com/

-          Summary Note for the toefl test - Adinda Praditya,desember 2 2003

-          Ramelan subagyo- lets learning English 3.tenses.pdf